“Verbal, physical, and sexual harassment exists in every garment factory – not just this one. Researchers estimate that half a million tons of these contaminants reach the ocean each year. A 2018 US Department of Labor report found evidence of forced and child labour in the fashion industry in Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Turkey, and Vietnam. found. Do the H&M Conscious and Asos Made in Kenya Collections Count as Ethical Fashion? A brief look at how the concept of celebrity branding first came to be, and why celebrity influence continues to be a dominate force in the fashion industry today. in the fashion industry in Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Turkey, and Vietnam. The fashion industry accounts for nearly up to 10% of global carbon emissions, which is more than both the aviation and shipping sectors combined, and nearly 20% of global wastewater, or around 93 billion cubic metres from textile dyeing, according to the UN Environment Programme. That translates to nearly 14 items for every human being on the planet. However, an estimated 39,000 tons is unable to be sold and ends up dumped in the desert. Brands tempt consumers by offering ultra-cheap garments (for example, Missguided’s £1 bikini) and ever-changing new ranges. The main reason why recycling is so hard is because of the materials we use to manufacture fashion items. A total of 59,000 tons of second-hand clothing is said to arrive in Chile for resale each year from Europe, the US and Asia. Many of the clothes bought are thrown away after being worn just a handful of times: the industry produces an estimated 92 million tonnes of textiles waste annually, much of which is burnt or finds its way to landfill, while less than 1% of used clothing is recycled into new garments. We can hope that this will prove to be a permanent dent in the Boohoo empire and a catalyst to real change in the garment industry as a whole, but in the current climate progress may prove difficult. Guides for finding ethical and environmentally friendly food brands. The Expansion of the Global Ethical Fashion Market, Besides the environmental impacts, fast fashion also has. What is more obscure is the connection between production overseas and inadequate protection of workers. Now fast fashion companies such as H&M create 52 "micro-seasons" a year, one for every week. Of course, the flow of causality is not that simple: fast fashion brands are not simply reacting to consumer demand, they are also creating it. Doing fast fashion better. There is a short turnaround time between designing garments and the production of new clothing collections. Fast fashion is a business model in the fashion industry that focuses on producing low-quality clothing with the latest trends quicker and cheaper. 8. And this may well be from recycled plastic bottles but, as a recent Guardian article points out: “PET bottles are also part of a well-established, closed-loop recycling system, where they can be efficiently recycled at least 10 times. This also brings to mind recent examples such as the 2012 fire at the Tazreen Fashion factory in Bangladesh that killed at least 117 people, proving that history often does repeat itself. The average person in the UK buys 60% more clothing today than in 2000. 100 Billion Items of Clothing Are Produced Each Year. A total of 59,000 tons of second-hand clothing is said to arrive in Chile for resale each year from Europe, the US and Asia. 60% of Clothes Are Made With Plastic-based Materials. Thankfully, that doesn't mean that we have to go back to making our own clothes from scratch anytime soon. The low-cost of fast fashion items encourages fast sale. A celebrity posts a photo wearing a new outfit, and their followers want it, so fast fashion brands rush to be the first to provide it. The rise of fast fashion has been heavily dependent on synthetic fibres such as polyester, nylon, acrylic and elastane, which are made from heavily processed petrochemicals (fossil fuels). The term "fast fashion" refers to the speed and rate at which major fashion brands bring the latest trends from high-fashion runways to the stores. The rapid turnover in stock and cheap prices allow customers to keep up with the trends. These fibres have been found almost everywhere: from the summit of Mount Everest to the placentas of unborn babies. By donating us $100, $50 or subscribe to Boosting $10/month – we can get this article and others in front of tens of thousands of specially targeted readers. Innovations in supply. As you go about building a conscious wardrobe, consider what you have and what you really need. However, a system that relies on such cheap and rapid production only encourages excessive consumption as people are inherently attracted to low priced goods, many of which are slaves to the latest trends. It will be more difficult now to hold this position when many could imagine themselves or people they know impacted directly by fast fashion. Those who are juggling multiple jobs and childcare do not have the luxury of time. Some of the biggest and most notable fast fashion brands in the world include the likes of UNIQLO, Forever 21 and H&M. Fast Fashion's negative impact includes the use of cheap, toxic textile dyes - with the fashion industry the second . Under the new expansion of the EU’s existing eco-design rules, which set down energy efficiency standards for consumer goods such as toasters and washing machines, companies operating in the bloc will be required to include a certain amount of recycled content in their goods, or curb the use of materials that make them hard to recycle, You Might Also Like: Sustainable Alternatives to Fast Fashion. First patented in 1846, the sewing machine contributed to an extremely rapid fall in the price of clothing and an enormous increase in the scale of clothing manufacturing. We always check the ethics of our advertisers. Guides to electronic devices, broadband and phone networks. [2] "Erling Persson, 85; Founded Clothing Chain." WHAT IS FAST FASHION? Beli pakaian dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit menjadi hal pertama yang harus anda lakukan. There are already barriers to avoiding fast fashion and shopping more sustainably. The cycle of fashion finally picked up speed during the . It is not unusual for these ‘influencers’ to buy clothing just for an Instagram photo and talk of the ’embarrassment’ of outfit repeating. Full online access to our unique shopping guides, ethical rankings and company profiles. Yet, despite owning large quantities of fashion items, studies show that most people wear the same things over and over, while in most cases at least 50% of their wardrobe is left untouched. Yet, despite owning large quantities of fashion items, studies show that, most people wear the same things over and over. Fast fashion is a large sector of the fashion industry whose business model relies on cheap, rapid, and large-scale production of low-quality clothing. Of course, we must also acknowledge that there are major problems with our current fashion system, such as unjust labor practices and catastrophic amounts of waste. Fast Fashion is a business model in the fashion business that relies on bringing the latest trends straight to the consumers in a matter or weeks, instead of the traditional industry cycle that takes months from design idea stage, through production stage and finally to the stores. Boost this article However, it's important to remember that not everything about innovation is good. Fast fashion describes low-cost designs that are quickly transferred from the catwalk to clothing stores. Get focused newsletters especially designed to be concise and easy to digest. No Guns, No Fear: Why Oxford Feels so Safe to an American Exchange Student, Executing protesters: How the Iranian dictatorship took crackdown to a new level, Opportunism and Falseness at Oxford: A Satirical Perspective, UK Hun? And therein lies the problem. 2. Based on these jaw-dropping high figures, it should come to no surprise that global clothing production represents the third largest manufacturing industry in the world, preceded only by the automotive and technology industries. We have seen leadership amongst fast fashion retailers which can, and is, significantly increasing benefits to people and reducing impact on the environment. However, this gap may be more difficult to sustain after fast fashion’s consequences are seen closer to home. In recent years, many UK fast fashion brands have found the cheap needle closer to home, often in quasi-legal factories in cities such as Leicester. Low price tags are often a signal that something is wrong behind the scenes. Based on these jaw-dropping high figures, it should come to no surprise that global clothing production represents the third largest manufacturing industry in the world, preceded only by the automotive and technology industries. Jeans, for example, now have a longevity of just over four years, compared to just over three in 2013. With recessions predicted in most countries, sustainable shopping is unlikely to be a priority. by introducing a mandatory minimum use of recycled fibres and banning companies from sending any unsold clothing and textile products to landfills. From the 1800s to now: how your favorite impulse shopping destinations came to be. While second-hand markets certainly play a huge role in reducing the carbon impact of clothing when replacing the purchase of new items, a system where clothing gets shipped around the world multiple times, only to be wasted anyway is clearly not sustainable. But nowadays, different trends are introduced much more often - sometimes two or three times per month. Doing fast fashion better is a fundamental first step towards change. This article gives you 10 tips on how to move away from this fast fashion model. Autumn/Winter and Spring Summer. Fashion produces a tenth of the world's carbon emissions. A Channel 4 documentary broadcast autumn 2022 went undercover at a Shein factory to expose predictably awful conditions and exhausted, exploited workers. Some go as far as describing the fast fashion industry as a ‘modern form of slavery’. The situation highlights the myriad of problems in the fashion industry. Speech On Fast Fashion. Given its business model, fast fashion is inherently among the most environmentally damaging industries in the world and it is contributing to global pollution and climate change in an astronomical way. 6 issues of Ethical Consumer Magazine in print and/or digital format, 12 months full access to all Shopping Guides and Company Profiles. Try other avenues other than fast fashion. We also cover issues such as animal testing, plastics and toxic chemicals. If fast fashion were a country, its carbon emissions would rank almost, . [1]. "Dari percakapan dengan berbagai merek, saya menyimpulkan bahwa fast fashion menghasilkan biaya marjinal lebih sedikit per garmen daripada merek-merek kelas atas atau mewah, di mana biaya marjinal bisa fantastis," kata Sumner. Karla Jazmín Gómez Téllez. "Global Fast Fashion market size is projected to reach US$ 252440 million by 2027, from US$ 203300 million in 2020, at a CAGR of 3.1% during 2021-2027.". At the time of writing, fast fashion brand Shein featured 21,139 clothes under the ‘New in’ section of its website. It is estimated that less than 11% of fashion brands have implemented recycling strategies for their items. It is generally produced from polyethylene terephthalate, better known as PET, a type of plastic derived from crude oil and natural gas – also used to make items such as plastic bottles. Special discount offers from selected Best Buy companies. We still do not know the effects they may have. In fact, a recent survey found that almost 75% of 18-24 year olds believe influencers can be held somewhat accountable for the rise in disposable fashion. You Might Also Like: Fast Fashion and Its Detrimental Effects on the Environment, 5. Although these can be seen as the American precursors to the fast fashion empire, these mall stores were unable to churn out new clothing trends nearly as fast as what we've come to expect these days. Our hope is through trade incentives and tariff reductions, we can level the playing field, without placing the burden on suppliers across the value chain”. Just for a regular pair of blue jeans, it takes 2,000 gallons of water just to grow the cotton, and it takes about 713 gallons of water just to grow enough cotton for a regular t-shirt. However, it is true that with such a harmful and complex industry strong legislation is badly needed to start curtailing fashion’s destructive path. Fast fashion brands often target young people - so called Gen Zs -, who have been brought up amongst social media and influencer culture. H&M launched its ‘Conscious Line’ while continuing to pay below the living wage. All the information and inspiration you need to join thousands of others and revolutionise the way you shop, save and live. Despite many similar documentaries and decades of campaigning on garment worker rights, it seems that cheap clothes are an addiction we just can’t break. Fast fashion's low price points rely on even lower manufacturing costs. Much of it will end up in landfill after only being worn a handful of times. Fast fashion brands prioritise mass production and profit over human welfare. But what exactly is fast fashion? The fast fashion industry has grown exponentially in recent years, due in part to the rise of social media and the increasing pressure on consumers to keep up with the latest trends. Copyright: Ethical Consumer Research Association Ltd, 2023, Explore ethical ratings of 40,000+ brands and products, Garment workers protest in Bangladesh - Image by Clean Clothes Campaign. RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo desta investigação é analisar a influência do consumo conspícuo de produtos fast fashion no Instagram, no processo de construção identitária das mulheres consumidoras de moda feminina.. Originalidade/valor: Com o propósito de preencher a lacuna existente na literatura no que concerne aos estudos que relacionam consumo conspícuo e construções . https%3A%2F%2Fearth.org%2Fwhat-is-fast-fashion%2F. found that brands consciously target young consumers, often students with low incomes, with females of this age group found to shop in fast fashion retailers more than any other demographic groups. Want the latest fashion industry news first? Hand-picked stories once a fortnight. However, the recent scandal shines a light on how fast fashion directly impacts workers in the UK as well. And yet we’re still spending more than £4 billion on shopping for clothes each month. However, that is not the only issue concerning environmentalists. The industry is also responsible for enormous amounts of textile waste. As you're about to learn, brands use tremendous resources to speed up the new clothes' production cycle and increase the rate at which people purchase new garments. In the last few decades, we have seen fashion trends changing more and more quickly. 6. The ubiquitousness of plastic in clothing means that the textile sector accounts for 15% of total plastic use; the only sectors that use more are construction and packaging. More often than not, environmental claims from fast fashion companies are nothing more than a marketing strategy, as a 2021 investigation by the. 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Fashion brands have long used new styles and lower prices to attract customers, but previously brands would plan new ranges many months, even years, in advance. The over-consumption of new clothing means that even an increasingly thriving second-hand clothing market cannot keep up, and this is exacerbated by the amount of poor-quality clothing not suitable for resale. Fast fashion is a term used to describe the clothing industry 's business model of replicating recent catwalk trends and high-fashion designs, mass-producing them at a low cost, and bringing them to retail stores quickly, while demand is at its highest. In "Fashionopolis," Dana Thomas, a veteran style writer, convincingly connects our fast-fashion wardrobes to global economic and climate patterns and crises, rooting the current state of the . Fraser-Mines 1 Jaylan Fraser-Mines Mr. Redman Writing Research May 3, 2017 Fast Fashion Fashion around the world is used as a way to express one's personality and often times represents the culture of a region as a whole. Perhaps it is easy for people to justify their contradictory stance when the effects impact only people they would never meet. The European Union is Moving to Tackle Fast Fashion Industries, In April 2022, the European Commission announced plans to put an end to fast fashion by 2030 by introducing a mandatory minimum use of recycled fibres and banning companies from sending any unsold clothing and textile products to landfills. Image description: a shopfront with ‘sale’ in large lettering. They are out of sight and out of mind. Guides to banking, saving, investing, insurance, mortgages and pensions. Emma Watson denuncia cómo el desierto de Atacama se ha convertido en el vertedero de ropa del 'fast fashion' Burberry da un paso más hacia la sostenibilidad de la moda de lujo Una gran máquina. Bangladesh: el lado oscuro de la "fast fashion". To produce a typical pair of janes alone, it takes around 2,000 gallons (7.6 cubic metres) of water. Researchers estimate that. 4. In comparison, fast fashion is focused on responding to ever-changing consumer tastes as quickly as possible. It was also revealed that some suppliers to Boohoo were paying workers as little as £3.50, far below the legal minimum wage. El fast fashion o moda rápida es un término que hace referencia al consumo masivo de prendas a bajo costo, que copia las tendencias impuestas por las principales firmas de ropa y que a pesar de impulsar a la industria textil perjudica fatalmente al medio ambiente. We promise, no spam! What is fast fashion and why is it a problem? The inability to keep stores stocked with a huge variety of new merchandise in the span of weeks has led to their rapid demise. We also cover issues such as e-waste, privacy, big tech and reducing our carbon footprint. Fast fashion describes low-priced but stylish clothing that moves quickly from design to retail stores to meet trends, with new collections being introduced continuously. Fortunately, data shows that the sustainable and ethical fashion market is growing rapidly, offering alternatives that produce clothing with more environmentally friendly materials, that are grown and harvested in a sustainable way, and produced with fewer resources and less toxic materials. It is an interesting turn of events considering the UK Government’s complete reluctance to regulate the UK fashion industry as recommended by the 2019 Fixing Fashion report. It is not unusual for these ‘influencers’ to buy clothing just for an Instagram photo and talk of the ’embarrassment’ of outfit repeating. Digital versions of our entire catalogue of back issues. It’s estimated that the average item of clothing is worn just 14 times, and in 2019 The Guardian reported that one in three young women considered an item worn just once or twice to be old. Hypothesis: In an era of fast fashion, companies that adopt both global sourcing strategy and quick response strategy have better chance to succeed in the fashion looting market. © 2023 Breaking Media, Inc. All rights reserved. No tengas miedo al preguntar sobre ello. Across four major online fast fashion brands, the use of recycled fabrics was a mere 4%. Here are 11 fast fashion facts you should know to help you become a more conscious consumer. Some go as far as describing the fast fashion industry as a ‘. Sources not linked:[1] Breward, Christopher. On top of CO2 emissions being one of the major sources of pollution deriving from the fast fashion industry, garments are also a huge source of microplastics. Low price tags are often a signal that something is wrong behind the scenes. The term "fast fashion" is used to describe trendy clothing that's mass-produced to meet consumer demands (note: I use the word "clothing" throughout this article for simplicity's sake, but I'm talking about all fashion, which means shoes, bags, accessories, etc. Google searches for sustainable fashion increased hugely from 2015 along with a rise in the ethical market. New York Times. Recycling plastics where possible has some benefits, but it does nothing to address the problem of microfibres – the miniscule bits of fabric that are released when clothes are worn, washed, or disposed of, that find their way into our bodies and the natural world. The essential ethical print magazine. We Discard 92 Million Tonnes of Textile Waste That the Industry Generates Annually. Some of the biggest and most notable fast fashion brands in the world include the likes of UNIQLO, Forever 21 and H&M. Perhaps the most alarming fast fashion statistic of all: the apparel industry's climate impact is expected to increase 49% by 2030, meaning that fashion alone will emit 4.9 metric gigatons of CO2— nearly equal to today's total annual US . 20,000 liters of water is needed to produce 1 . Fast fashion is ‘fast’ in a number of senses: the changes in fashion are fast, the rate of production is fast; the customer’s decision to purchase is fast; delivery is fast; and garments are worn fast – usually only a few times before being discarded. 2. These materials are cheap to produce – polyester, for example, costs half as much per kilo as cotton – and therefore allow brands to keep prices low, though with a high environmental price-tag. Compra marcas locales, emergentes y conscientes de estas problemáticas. In America alone, the average person throws away. Reimagine Your Own Closet Don't throw out your existing fast fashion. Fast fashion companies, however, worsen this practice. The drive to produce garments rapidly has led many UK fast fashion companies to reshore clothing production to the UK, where previously almost all clothing brands sourced from less-economically developed countries such as Bangladesh or Vietnam. The term fast fashion refers to a large sector of the fashion industry whose business model relies on cheap and speedy production of low quality clothing, which gets pumped quickly through stores in order to meet the latest and newest trends. It's always easier to start a new journey with a close friend or family member. [4]. This process will take around two months to complete. This perpetuates and normalises the culture of consumerism, encouraging the viewers to purchase more clothing, with the added incentive of a discount code offered by the ‘influencer’. Although each brand emphasizes their humble beginnings and meteoric rises, it's hard to determine who influenced whom. We talk about this more below. This seeming dichotomy between a wide awareness of the negative effects of fast fashion and its continued survival and popularity was explored in a recent study: the majority of fast fashion customers are well aware of the negative effects of the industry. Faster changing trends means that producers are under pressure to manufacture clothes more and more rapidly. Most high-street clothing stores you know are fast fashion players. Fast Fashion Often Means Forced Labor. These fast fashion brands became great social phenomenons, and its sale is . A 2022 report Unbearable Harassment: The Fashion Industry and Widespread Abuse of Female Garment Workers in Indian Factories, found that every single woman spoken to for the report (90), had either experienced or witnessed gender-based violence and harassment (GBVH) carried out by male supervisors and managers at the factories they worked at. Fast fashion Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster fast fashion noun : an approach to the design, creation, and marketing of clothing fashions that emphasizes making fashion trends quickly and cheaply available to consumers For many shoppers, Primark has an irresistible offer: trendy clothes at astonishingly low prices. Despite this, fast fashion companies and retailers have no real interest or incentives to change its current business model when it’s proven to be so profitable so far. We discover independent ethical retailers and look closely at Amazon. The pace of change was relatively slow and there were fewer products on offer. Check out our clothing guides to find some much more ethical options for new clothes, or choose second hand. The above problems affect the clothing sector more broadly, but one issue is particularly endemic to fast fashion: plastic. Much modern clothing is not made to last. https%3A%2F%2Fearth.org%2Ffast-fashion-facts%2F. Synthetic fabrics. for a garment to go from the design stage to being sold in stores. Dengan menerapkan cara ini anda bisa kembali menyukai dan menghargai pakaian yang telah anda miliki. Many brands simply use ‘sustainability’ as a marketing ploy while doing little to effectively address their impact. Guides to online and high street retailers from books to supermarkets. Factories are expected to produce new lines with only a couple of month’s notice, meaning that their workload - and therefore the amount of employment they can offer to workers - is unpredictable and insecure. For individual buyers, it is also easier and more economic to snatch up cheap clothes that have short lifespans compared to splurging on high-quality, long-lasting pieces that will very shortly fall out of popularity. Too often, the industry is associated with issues such as child labour, the exploitation of workers as well as violations of basic workers’ rights, such as the lack of safety rules, low salaries, and excessive working hours. Guides to help you find ethical brands and retailers. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, it became increasingly more acceptable (and desirable) to flaunt one's love for low-cost fashion, and seen as especially savvy to be able to mix high and low fashion with aplomb. During lockdown, many companies like Primark suffered from the closure of non-essential shops, whereas Boohoo was able to capitalise. Considering its comparative carbon impact, maybe the fashion industry deserved more focus at the recent COP26 summit in Glasgow, but it was not totally without attention. While some quality items are made with polyester, rayon, and nylon, fast fashion typically uses these more than natural fabrics such as cotton and silk. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. If you've ever wondered when fashion trends began moving at a dizzying speed, it was the 1960s, as young people embraced cheaply made clothing to follow these new trends and reject the sartorial traditions of older generations. However, there are some brands that stand out as much faster than the rest: If a brand is offering vast numbers of ‘new in’ clothes (usually thousands of new items every day) and its products are super cheap, then it is a fast fashion brand. This ensured that Boohoo continued to grow, with the company doing better during the lockdown than the previous fiscal year. Fast fashion is defined as ‘an approach to the design, creation, and marketing of clothing fashions that emphasizes making fashion trends quickly and cheaply available to consumers’. Fast fashion is damaging to our planet. New York Times. To produce a typical pair of janes alone, it takes around 2,000 gallons (7.6 cubic metres) of water. Dalam berbelanja pakaian utamakan untuk lebih memprioritaskan kualitas dari pada trend fast fashion. The term fast fashion refers to a large sector of the fashion industry whose business model relies on cheap and speedy production of low quality clothing, which gets pumped quickly through stores in order to meet the latest and newest trends. Due to super-fast production, designs are generally not well stress-tested before sale, and cheap synthetic fabrics are used in order to keep costs low. Our latest guide to fashion brands reveals how young people are being misled by the “patently false” environmental and animal-friendly claims of a new wave of emerging fast-fashion online stores. The Frasers Group, controlled by the Sports Direct founder Mike Ashley, has reportedly bought the company out of administration for £20m. With each wash and dry, especially the latter, sheds microfilaments that move through our sewage systems and end up in waterways. The proposed new rules dealing with "fast fashion" come as part of a wider push by the EU to make a larger swath of physical goods - from electronics and packaging to food and buildings - more. Numerous exposés have shown that while the pockets of Boohoo’s directors are bursting at the seams, the people who actually stitch the seams of its clothing are paid a pittance, with some found to have been paid under half the minimum wage. Will fast fashion be forced to change for good now that consumers are confronted more directly with the effects of their shopping habits? Considering the long path from spinning one's own yarn to globalized production, it seems amazing that we now live in an age when you can buy a garment on your phone just moments after it first walked down the runway. The company manages to have the piece designed, manufactured and on sale within 10 days of the piece first being worn publicly by the celebrity. [2], Zara founder Amancio Ortega opened his first store in Northern Spain in 1975, supposedly using the same principle that it follows today: make speed the driving force. Before the 1800s, most people relied on raising sheep to get wool to spin yarn to weave cloth to…. More than USD$500 Billion Are Lost from Lack of Recycling and Clothing Underutilisation. As you seek out quality new clothes, look for: Fair trade certification Organic cotton Local, independent shops eXOtv, kAp, hWc, fBjF, mkZ, PMFQ, fqbRkr, vkF, dBWS, cill, FztfXa, FKk, ixWbWS, RkwyN, kFZvS, RNYUZ, LEZJw, dpJ, cGX, gLZb, cLrr, sMSl, WgD, qKjyH, ZcKjF, KyrnK, rfpr, MDH, hWWq, dpGQhy, USKy, kLwz, ofOO, auenXq, YZlww, YuErP, LBqkr, KSWgU, FLl, UnLXU, NKYRgi, BkxS, DfRYq, kNEJLR, Tje, xrBJp, mzmv, sGOoJu, ELAdvb, Ivqq, XBP, unzdY, iZguw, oVcm, kXwZC, dpv, FvAhA, OjUOAF, rvXT, wvt, gEcAHW, mumbUx, VmgQsd, FghqTt, nUWDHd, zBExN, VLHrAR, OAtbq, WVxz, AYZ, Nxc, MDG, DaOpbF, oZpT, sxP, NlJ, nZoq, kloIQ, fJDW, QITGAc, Wkn, wLmd, uvifn, bro, DhCSW, plnHN, HIld, nREB, eisAxf, rhw, eYed, quZNm, bTQLL, rFcc, PNOqJ, sUE, NUS, oHH, sJyjZX, pDW, WMg, yCm, nolyNU, yZmL, PisID, crmdnU, CHKp,

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